Normally, as kids learn to read, the visual word form area develops within the visual cortex, a large region of the brain’s “gray matter” located at the back of the head. The VWFA is a small part of the left side of the brain — ranging from pea-sized to about the size of a dime — that lights up on functional magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain while people are reading. It has two subregions, one that responds to the shapes of words, and another that also responds to their meanings

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